华慧考博:如何确定汉译英中的主语和谓语?
中文句子里面的主语由于没有语法形式限制,名词性、动词性或形容词性成分均可充当汉语的主语。而英语的主语一般是由名词性成分(名词、代词、非谓语动词、名词性从句等)构成。下面华慧老师就来为考生角读一下,在英语中的主和谓语以及如何在英语译文中来定位主语和谓语。1. 如何确定主语?
(1)汉英表达相同,用原文的主语
例1: 计算机可以给学生进行个别的和问答的辅导,以培养学生日后在工商业和专业生涯中所必需的分析问题和解决问题的能力。
译文:The computer can provide individualized and responsive tutorial assistant to student for the development of analytical and problem-solve skills they will required in
commerce, industry and professional life.
分析:汉语原文为名词“计算机”做主语,英文译文沿用原文主语,用名词computer做主语。
例2:我们必须全面深化改革,以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力。
译文:In order to release the vitality of the market for hedging against the economic downward pressure, we must comprehensively deepen our reforms.
(2) 汉语无主语句,英文可以根据上下文补充主语,或将宾语转换成主语,即改为被动语态。在文献的翻译中,更多情况下是采用将宾语转换成主语,即改为被动语态的方式翻译。
例1:采取积极措施,促进全社会固定投资较快增长。
译文1:We will adopt vigorous measures to promote rapid expansion of total fixed asset investment.
译文2:Vigorous measures should be adopted to promote rapid expansion of total fixed asset investment.
分析:汉语原文为无主语句,译文1是根据上下文补充了暗含的主语“We”,译文2使用了被动语态,将宾语“积极措施Vigorous measures”转换成了译文中的主语。
例2:在基础设施、公共事业等领域,应积极推广政府和社会资本合作模式。
译文:The government-social capital cooperative mode should be popularized in the fields of infrastructure and public utilities, etc.
(3 ) 定语转换成主语
例 1: 我们的工业化不能牺牲环境。
译文:We should not sacrifice the environment in our industrialization.
分析:中文原文中的“我们的”是“工业化”的定语,在翻译成英文时把定语转换成了主语“We”。
例 2:他的数理化学得都很好,是个尖子生。
译文:He studies well in math, physics and chemistry, and is a top student.
2. 如何确定谓语?
(1 ) 主谓一致,即人称 和数的一致
例:乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必要产物。
误:The prosperity of the township enterprises are the inevitable outcome of the economy reform in the rural areas.
正:The prosperity of the township enterprises is the inevitable outcome of the economy
reform in the rural areas.
(2 ) 时态:现在时,过去时,将来时,一般时态,过去时态,完成时态
例:到 2022 年我们的基本目标就能实现了。
误:By 2022, we will achieve our primary objectives.
正:By 2022, we will have achieved our primary objectives.
(3 ) 主谓搭配恰当,即施行者与动词的合理搭配
例:西安发生过很多重大的历史事件。
误:Xi'an happened many important historical events.
正:Many important historical events happened in Xi'an.
(4 ) 动宾的习惯搭配
例:从他身上我们学到了很多知识。
误:We learnt a lot of knowledge from his body.
正:We attained (acquired) much knowledge from him.
(5 ) 动词的唯一性,即一句话只有一个谓语动词
例:市政府决定采取各种措施招商引资。
误:The municipal government decides take various methods invite investment.
正:The municipal government decides to take various methods to invite investment.
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