SectionIUseofEnglish

    Directions:

    Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

    Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.

    5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.

    ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14avepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16ucation.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17geneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18isargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19emtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20ateofaffairs.

    1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased

    2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare

    3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against

    4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately

    5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence

    6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk

    7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects

    8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question

    9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating

    10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total

    11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately

    [C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably

    12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers

    13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve

    14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile

    15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown

    16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing

    17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument

    18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined

    19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed

    20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuous

    SectionIIReadingComprehension

    PartA

    Directions:

    Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

    Text1

    Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.

    Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.

    Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”

    Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”

    AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”

    NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.

    21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

    [A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.

    [B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.

    [C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.

    [D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.

    22.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen

    [A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.

    [B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.

    [C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.

    [D]areexposedtomorestress.

    23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe

    [A]domesticandtemporary.

    [B]irregularandviolent.

    [C]durableandfrequent.

    [D]trivialandrandom.

    24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthat

    [A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.

    [B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.

    [C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.

    [D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.

    25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

    [A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?

    [B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference

    [C]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay

    [D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStress

    Text2

    Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

    Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

    Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

    Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemergingthreemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

    26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses

    [A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

    [B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

    [C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

    [D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

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